Simple simulator of gastrointestinal endoscopy with incorporation of real video images

En el siguiente artículo se expone un modelo simple del procedimiento de endoscopia gástrica y un modelo plástico del estómago y de la distensión estomacal. El uso correcto de imágenes ayuda al desarrollo de sistemas de realidad virtual, y presenta más realismo a la simulación. El objetivo del trabajo consiste en experimentar la posibilidad de construir sistemas simuladores de pacientes en Colombia, utilizando la tecnología localmente disponible, a bajo costo y destinados para la formación de estudiantes de medicina.The following paper deals with a simple model of a gastric endoscopy procedure and a plastic model of the stomach and its distension. The correct use of imaging helps in the development of virtual reality systems, and provides a greater realism to the simulation itself. The goal is to experience the possibility of building patient simulator systems in Colombia, using locally available technology, at low costs and intended for the training of medical students

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in a sample of adults in the city of Bogotá

The low prevalence of dementia described in communities is likely due to the low sensitivity of screening tests and an absence of evaluation by specialists. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in adults older than 50 years. Methods: A two-phase, cross-sectional study was conducted by specialists to evaluate cognition and associated demographic risk factors in 1,235 independent community-dwelling adults from Bogotá. In Phase I, screening was performed using the MMSE and MoCA tests. In Phase II, after application of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery with neurologic and psychiatric evaluations, a cognitive diagnosis was established by consensus. Results: The prevalence found for MCI was 34% and for dementia was 23%. MCI was associated with incomplete high school, OR=1.74 (95%CI=1.23-2.45), and with an age of 70-79 years, OR=1.93 (95%CI=1.47-2.53). A total of 73% of MCI cases were amnestic. Dementia was associated with incomplete primary education, OR=8.98 (95%CI=5.56-14.54), complete primary education, OR=6.23 (95%CI=3.70-10.47), and age older than eighty years, OR=3.49 (95%CI=2.23-5.44). Conclusion: The prevalence of dementia found was greater than the rates reported in previous studies. Low educational level was the main risk factor for cognitive impairment and should be considered in strategic planning for the local health system

A randomized blinded clinical trial of two antivenoms, prepared by caprylic acid or ammonium sulphate fractionation of IgG, in Bothrops and Porthidium snake bites in Colombia: correlation between safety and biochemical characteristics of antivenoms

A randomized blinded clinical trial was performed in 53 patients bitten by Bothrops sp. and Porthidium sp. in Antioquia and Chocó, Colombia, in order to compare the efficacy and safety of two antivenoms made of whole IgG obtained by either ammonium sulphate (monovalent anti-B. atrox) or caprylic acid (polyvalent) fractionation. Additionally, antivenoms were compared by electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses and anticomplementary activity in vitro. With a protocol of 2, 4 and 6 antivenom vials for the treatment of mild, moderate and severe envenomings, respectively, both antivenoms were equally efficient to neutralize the most relevant signs of envenoming and to clear serum venom levels in patients from the first hour and later on. Three patients with severe envenoming and initially treated with less than six vials on admission had persistent or recurrent venom antigenemia within 12-48 h. Monovalent antivenom fractionated by ammonium sulphate precipitation had higher amounts of protein aggregates and nonimmunoglobulin proteins than polyvalent antivenom fractionated by caprylic acid precipitation. Both antivenoms presented anticomplementary activity in vitro, being higher in the monovalent product. In agreement, monovalent antivenom induced a significantly higher incidence of early antivenom reactions (52%) than polyvalent antivenom (25%).Universidad de Costa Rica/[741-89-057]/UCR/Costa RicaDirección Seccional de Salud de Antioquia///ColombiaDirección Seccional de Salud del Chocó///ColombiaUniversidad de Antioquia///ColombiaInstituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Francisco José de Caldas//COLCIENCIAS/ColombiaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP

Viral Diseases in Potato

Viruses are among the most significant biotic constraints in potato production. In the century since the discovery of the first potato viruses we have learned more and more about these pathogens, and this has accelerated over the last decade with the advent of high-throughput sequencing in the study of plant virology. Most reviews of potato viruses have focused on temperate potato production systems of Europe and North America. However, potato production is rapidly expanding in tropical and subtropical agro-ecologies of the world in Asia and Africa, which present a unique set of problems for the crop and affect the way viruses can be managed. In this chapter we review the latest discoveries in potato virology as well as the changes in virus populations that have occurred over the last 50 years, with a particular focus on countries in the (sub-)tropics. We also review the different management approaches including use of resistance, seed systems, and cultural approaches that have been employed in different countries and reflect on what can be learnt from past research on potato viruses, and what can be expected in the future facing climate change. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020.Peer reviewe

Antioquia Médica, Vol. 1, No. 3. Agosto

Tabla de contenido: Hodas de oro profesionales de los doctores M M Calle Y E Robledo Antioquia Medica (Medellin) p. 147-148 Tuberculosis y estreptomicina Montoya Rodriguez, L. p. 149- 163 La transfusión intraarterial en la muerte por anemia aguda Montoya Toro, Mario p. 164-187 Un caso de neurocitoma Rodríguez Pérez, Antonio Pedro ; Marulanda Botero, R. p. 186-190 Arenoblastoma del ovario Diaz Correa, Rene ; Isaza Mejia, Gustavo p. 191-195 Fiebre amarilla y hepatitis epidémica en el departamento de Antioquia 1939-1949 Gast Galvis, Augusto p. 196-212 EL llamado infarto silencioso del miocardio Hipp, Harold ; Behrman, James ; Heyer, Howard p. 213-21

CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey

Context. Bulge globular clusters (BGCs) are exceptional tracers of the formation and chemodynamical evolution of this oldest Galactic component. However, until now, observational difficulties have prevented us from taking full advantage of these powerful Galactic archeological tools. Aims. CAPOS, the bulge Cluster APOgee Survey, addresses this key topic by observing a large number of BGCs, most of which have only been poorly studied previously. Even their most basic parameters, such as metallicity, [α/Fe], and radial velocity, are generally very uncertain. We aim to obtain accurate mean values for these parameters, as well as abundances for a number of other elements, and explore multiple populations. In this first paper, we describe the CAPOS project and present initial results for seven BGCs. Methods. CAPOS uses the APOGEE-2S spectrograph observing in the H band to penetrate obscuring dust toward the bulge. For this initial paper, we use abundances derived from ASPCAP, the APOGEE pipeline. Results. We derive mean [Fe/H] values of −0.85 ± 0.04 (Terzan 2), −1.40 ± 0.05 (Terzan 4), −1.20 ± 0.10 (HP 1), −1.40 ± 0.07 (Terzan 9), −1.07 ± 0.09 (Djorg 2), −1.06 ± 0.06 (NGC 6540), and −1.11 ± 0.04 (NGC 6642) from three to ten stars per cluster. We determine mean abundances for eleven other elements plus the mean [α/Fe] and radial velocity. CAPOS clusters significantly increase the sample of well-studied Main Bulge globular clusters (GCs) and also extend them to lower metallicity. We reinforce the finding that Main Bulge and Main Disk GCs, formed in situ, have [Si/Fe] abundances slightly higher than their accreted counterparts at the same metallicity. We investigate multiple populations and find our clusters generally follow the light-element (anti)correlation trends of previous studies of GCs of similar metallicity. We finally explore the abundances of the iron-peak elements Mn and Ni and compare their trends with field populations. Conclusions. CAPOS is proving to be an unprecedented resource for greatly improving our knowledge of the formation and evolution of BGCs and the bulge itself